How to read a certificate of analysis
Match a COA to the correct research material and lot, separate identity from purity and measured content, verify the source, and preserve the report’s limits.
Research Library
Source-linked guides for reading laboratory records, matching lots, and understanding the limits of analytical results.
Research guides
11 published guides
Peptide Blend Total Composition: How to Read It
Learn what total composition means on a peptide blend label, how it differs from tested purity, and how to match it against the lot's COA.
LC-MS Peptide Identity Confirmation Explained
How LC-MS confirms peptide identity: separation, ionization, mass measurement, and why observed vs. expected mass matters on a COA.
Peptide Purity Testing: How to Read HPLC and MS Results
Learn what HPLC and mass spectrometry measure, how to read peptide test reports, and which questions to ask before ordering for laboratory research.
Peptide Purity vs Content: What’s the Difference?
A 99% pure peptide can still have low net content. Learn how HPLC purity and net peptide content differ—and why both matter for dosing.
Peptide Purity vs. Content: What Does 99% HPLC Mean?
A 99% HPLC result and a milligram result answer different questions. Learn to compare purity, peptide content and vial quantity without mixing their definitions.
Where to Buy Peptides for Research: 6 Vetting Steps
Learn 6 steps to vet research peptide suppliers—lot-specific COAs, testing labs, and purity/identity data—before you place an order.
How to Choose a Peptide Supplier: A Research Buyer’s Checklist
Compare peptide suppliers using the current lot’s report, the exact product configuration and answers to practical questions. Includes a supplier inquiry you can adapt.
Lyophilized Peptides: Understanding the Freeze-Dried Form
Learn what freeze-drying changes, why the powder can look different, and which product details to compare before buying peptides for laboratory research.
Research-Grade Peptides: What the Label Means
A research-grade label needs context. Learn how specifications, lot results and assay requirements help you compare peptide research materials.
Peptide Storage: A Practical Guide for Research Labs
Dry powder and solutions need different storage plans. Learn what affects peptide stability, what a COA can establish, and which details to record for each sample.
Research references
Open the record or standard that remains the source of truth.